Indonesian martial artists' preferences in martial arts schools: Sustaining business competitiveness through conjoint analysis.

The popularity of martial arts in the present times has become apparent, therefore, it is necessary to explore martial artists' preferences and the schools' competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess martial artists' preferences concerning the services offered by martial arts schools. Conjoint analysis was utilized to analyze the responses of fifty-five (55) martial artists based on the seven (7) martial arts schools' attributes. The results showed that the type of martial arts was found to be the most important attribute (30.449%) followed by distance (27.970%), price range (22.706%), social environment (11.097%), class preference (5.080%), goal (1.562%), and schedule (1.135%). Furthermore, Muay Thai or Kickboxing was the most preferred martial art, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was the second priority, next was Taekwondo, then Karate, and finally Boxing. In addition, the martial artists' preferred distance was less than 8 km, and a monthly training cost of 150,000 to 450,000 IDR (10 to 20 USD). Martial artists liked attending open classes, treated martial arts as a hobby, and favored attending classes once or twice weekly. With the lack of conjoint-related studies in the martial arts industry, the findings contributed to academicians and addressed issues of inadequate studies. Most importantly, the researchers presented managerial implications to leverage marketing techniques and develop the business operations of martial arts schools.

Effects of combat sports on cognitive function in older people: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic review aimed to analyze the available body of published peer-reviewed studies on the effects of combat sports compared with active/passive control on cognitive function and electrophysiological markers of brain activity in older people. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The studies were searched in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases from deadline to June 2023. The PRISMA, TESTEX, RoB, and GRADE scales assessed the evidence's methodological quality and certainty of evidence. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42022361695). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: After reviewing 3768 studies, seven combat sports interventions (score ≥60% in methodological quality) were selected, composed of 381 older people (63% female), with a mean age of 66 years. In the selected studies, interventions based on judo, karate, and taekwondo were carried out, where it was not possible to verify the benefits of combat sports in cognitive function and electrophysiological markers of brain activity regarding active/passive control groups, although the individual results of the analyzed studies indicate that the practice of combat sports favor selective attention, divided attention, executive function, visual perception, and cognitive processing speed in older people. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence does not allow a definite recommendation regarding combat sports as an effective cognitive function intervention in older people.

The effects of pre-task music on choice visual reaction time in elite taekwondo athletes.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of music on sport performance mainly involved endurance or resistance exercises overlooking possible effects on reaction time, which is deemed essential in martial arts for a proficient performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the exposure to pre-task music on choice visual reaction time in elite taekwondo athletes. DESIGN: Repeated measure study design. METHODS: Reaction time and mean Heart Rate (HRmean) were recorded in twenty young taekwondo athletes (17.5 ±â€¯2.5 years old) while performing a roundhouse kick in response to different visual stimuli after three warmup conditions: listening to self-selected music (SM), research-selected music (RM) or no music (CC). Moreover, Feeling Scale (FS), Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) were recorded before (T0) and after warmup (T1) in each testing session. RESULTS: SM and RM elicited significantly faster reaction times compared to CC (-3.3 % and -5.2 %, respectively). No significant difference in reaction time was observed between SM and RM. The FS and FAS scores were significantly higher at T1 compared to T0 in the SM and RM conditions, whereas no difference between T0 and T1 was observed in the CC condition. No difference was observed for HRmean between SM, RM and CC conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Listening to SM and RM during the warmup improved choice visual reaction times in elite taekwondo athletes. These results suggest the use of music as a performance-enhancing strategy prior to combat competition or training in martial arts.

Martial arts, combat sports, and mental health in adults: A systematic review.

Martial arts (MA) and combat sports (CS) are physical activities that may be associated with health-related outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate the available evidence on the relationship between MA and CS training and mental health of adult practitioners (≥18 years). CochraneLibrary, EBSCOhost, Web-of-Science, and Scopus databases were searched up to September 2022 for measures of self-related constructs, ill-being and well-being, cognition and brain structure/function, in adult MA/CS practitioners. Seventy cross-sectional and two longitudinal studies were retained and submitted to risk of bias assessments through an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool. Associations between MA/CS practice and self-related constructs were inconclusive for both consistency and strength of evidence. Limited evidence of significant associations emerged for sub-domains of ill-being (i.e., externalizing and internalizing emotion regulation), and well-being. In regard to cognitive and brain structural/functional variables, evidence of positive association with MA/CS practice was consistent with respect to perceptual and inhibition abilities but limited with respect to attention and memory. Evidence on negative associations of boxing with changes of brain structure integrity due to concussions was also inconclusive. Functional imaging techniques could shed light onto brain activation mechanisms underlying complex cognitive performance. In relation to moderators, mixed results were found for activity exposure, expertise, level of competitive engagement (which often covary with the length of training) and sex and type of MA/CS. The MA/CS' multifaceted nature may produce different, sometimes conflicting outcomes on mental health. Studies on MA/CS represent a flourishing research area needing extensive improvement in theoretical and practical approaches.

Comparing the seoi-nage skill of elite and non-elite judo athletes.

Seoi-nage performance requires a high level of skill and proficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the motor planning, regulation, and control skills of elite versus non-elite seoi-nage judo athletes. Twenty subjects (10 elites and 10 non-elite) performed the three-phase seoi-nage skills of unbalancing, positioning, and throwing while an optical motion capture 3D camera monitored their shoulder, pelvis, hip, and knee joint movements to calculate their force magnitude and direction. Elite athletes performed better than non-elite athletes in terms of the shoulder (247.4° vs. 208.3° in Event 4) and pelvic (235.4° vs. 194.4° in Event 4) rotation, tilt angle (15.13° vs. - 0.74° in Event 4) characteristics, as well as hip (136.1° vs. 125.0° in Event 4) and knee joint (124.0° vs. 120.8° in Event 3) flexion-extension angle. Compared to non-elite athletes, elite athletes also showed more controlled force and movement in all bodily areas. These results can help to guide the development of seoi-nage skills as judo athletes advance from the non-elite to the elite level.

AN INVESTIGATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE IN ADOLESCENT JUDOKAS.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological and physiological factors affecting performance levels in adolescent judokas. The research was performed in the "Sport EMI" scientific-research center of Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport. Participants' performance levels were assessed based on their kyu rankings, a hierarchical ranking system in judo. The psychological assessment involved the completion of the Well-being, Activity, and Mood (WAM) test. The physiological assessment focused on heart rate variability (HRV) measurements, which were obtained using the Varikard 2.51 complex equipment. A total of 23 male teenage judokas, aged between 10 and 16 years, were randomly selected from a judo club to participate in this study. Participants demonstrated high levels of well-being, activity, and positive mood, indicating positive psychosocial outcomes associated with judo practice. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) revealed deviations in certain variables, suggesting potential irregularities in autonomic nervous system regulation. Specifically, the Index of Activity of Regulatory Systems (IRSA), low-frequency power (LF), and total power (TP) exceeded normal ranges, indicating increased tension and overall activity in the regulatory systems. In addition, one-way analysis showed significant main effects of age, training duration, and high-frequency power (HF) on the participants' performance level (Kyu). The findings suggest that psychological and physiological factors play significant roles in the performance levels of adolescent judokas. Coaches and practitioners should consider both aspects in optimizing training strategies for young athletes.

Repeated High-Intensity Technique Training and Repeated Sprint Training Elicit Similar Adjustment in Physiological Responses But Divergent Perceptual Responses and Combat-Related Performances in Adolescent Taekwondo Matches.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of 4 weeks of repeated sprint training (RST) versus repeated high-intensity technique training (RTT) on the physiological responses (ie, blood lactate), mean and peak heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, technical-tactical performance, and time-motion variables during simulated taekwondo combats. METHODS: Twenty-four taekwondo athletes (18 male and 6 female; age: 16 [1] y) were randomly and equally assigned to RST (10 × 35-m running sprints interspersed by 10-s rest) or RTT (10 × 6-s bandal-tchagui kicking executions interspersed by 10-s rest) groups in addition to their regular training. Both groups performed simulated combats before and after training. RESULTS: Delta lactate and peak heart rate were attenuated following training (P < .001 and P = .03, respectively), with no differences identified between RTT and RST conditions. Rating of perceived exertion decreased after training only in the RTT (P = .002). Time fighting and preparatory activities increased following training (P < .001), with higher values observed following RTT than RST (P < .001). Nonpreparatory time decreased after training (P < .001), with more pronounced reductions observed following RTT when compared to RST (P < .001). The number of single attacks decreased only following RST (P < .001), whereas combined attacks increased only after RTT training (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Similar adjustments in the physiological responses to combat were observed following 4 weeks of either RST or RTT, but RTT elicited more favorable perceptual responses and combat-related performance. This highlights the importance of specificity of training and its effective transfer to combat.

Martial arts enhances working memory and attention in school-aged children: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Interventions can improve working memory and attention in school-aged children, but little is known about how regional changes in brain activity promoted by exercise mediate this cognitive improvement. This study focused on the improved neurocognitive functions and intrinsic regional variation within the brain by comparing school-aged children in a martial arts group with those in free-play and rest groups. With a pretest-posttest design, the d2 attention test and N-back tasks were carried out. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was performed during the pre- and post-intervention N-back tasks and rest. Following the intervention, the d2 attention in all groups remarkably increased, and the attention level of the martial arts group was substantially higher than those of the other two groups. Free-play and martial arts shortened the 1- and 2-back task reaction time and increased the 2-back accuracy rate (AR), and the martial arts group exhibited a significantly higher AR than the other two groups. In addition, the martial arts group showed higher activations in the right orbitofrontal cortex and right Broca's area (r-BA) regions post-intervention 1-back tasks, whereas a strong correlation was observed between 1-back performance and the related brain region. However, under the 2-back task, although the cognitive control was improved, the martial arts group decreased activation in the left frontopolar area and free play decreased the activation in the r-BA and right somatosensory cortex. Together, our findings showed that martial arts could be more conducive to cognitive improvement than physical exercise that requires no cognitive skills and that performing interventions in the earlier stages of childhood may improve the regulation of neural networks involved in cognitive control.

Motivos en la práctica de ejercicio y condición física en deportistas marciales adolescentes en nueva normalidad / Motives in the practice of exercise and physical condition in adolescent martial athletes in the new normality / Motivos na prática do exercício e condição física em adolescentes atletas marciais na nova normalidade

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar los motivos en la práctica de ejercicio físico y relación con la condición física -agilidad, flexibilidad, fuerza explosiva- en deportistas marciales adolescentes en la nueva normalidad. La muestra está constituida por 56 deportistas de taekwondo y 18 de kárate. Se utilizó el Autoinforme de Motivos para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (AMPEF) y los test de: Illinois, sit and reach y salto vertical cuantificaron la agilidad, flexibilidad de musculatura isquiotibial y fuerza explosiva de tren inferior. Se cumplió análisis estadístico -coeficiente de correlación de Pearson- entre motivaciones y condición física. Los principales factores motivacionales de los adolescentes marciales fueron: Prevención y salud positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafío (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversión y bienestar (M=8,6; DE=1,9). Los test físicos evidencian excelentes resultados en agilidad y flexibilidad, la fuerza explosiva está por debajo de la media. Existen correlaciones positivas entre las capacidades de agilidad (0.86 en hombres y 0.80 en mujeres), fuerza (0.90 en hombres y 0.84 en mujeres) y sus correspondientes factores motivacionales, y una correlación negativa entre la flexibilidad (-0.88 en hombres y -0.90 en mujeres) y su motivación respectiva. Se concluye que los resultados del cuestionario AMPEF y niveles de agilidad, flexibilidad y fuerza explosiva se correlacionan ya sea positiva o negativamente, con valores altos en el coeficiente de Pearson, significa que los adolescentes marciales están conscientes de sus capacidades físicas y mostraron motivación para mejorar sus habilidades.

The objective of this research is to determine the reasons in the practice of physical exercise, and its relationship with the physical condition -agility, flexibility, explosive strength- of adolescent martial art athletes in the new normal. The sample is made up of 56 taekwondo athletes and 18 karate athletes. The Reasons to Practice Physical Exercise Self-report (AMPEF, for its name in Spanish) was used, as well as the tests of Illinois, sit and reach and vertical jump quantified agility, flexibility of the hamstring muscles and explosive strength of the lower body. Statistical analysis-Pearson's correlation coefficient-was performed between motivations and physical condition. The main motivational factors of the adolescent athletes were prevention and positive health (M=8.9; SD=1.69), challenge (M=8.9; SD=1.8), and fun and well-being (M=8.6; SD=1,9). Physical tests showed excellent results in agility and flexibility but explosive strength was below average. There were positive correlations between the abilities of agility (0.86 in men and 0.80 in women), strength (0.90 in men and 0.84 in women), and their corresponding motivational factors, as well as a negative correlation between flexibility (-0.88 in men and -0.90 in women) and their respective motivation. It is concluded that the results of the AMPEF questionnaire and levels of agility, flexibility, and explosive strength are correlated either positively or negatively, with high values in Pearson's coefficient. This means that teenage martial athletes are aware of their physical abilities and show motivation to improve their skills.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar os motivos da prática de exercício físico e sua relação com a condição física - agilidade, flexibilidade, força explosiva - em atletas marciais adolescentes na nova normalidade. A amostra é composta por 56 atletas de taekwondo e 18 de caratê. Foi utilizado o Autorrelato dos Motivos para a Prática de Exercício Físico (AMPEF) e os testes de: Illinois, sentar e alcançar e salto vertical quantificaram agilidade, flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e força explosiva da parte inferior do corpo. A análise estatística -coeficiente de correlação de Pearson- entre motivações e condição física foi concluída. Os principais fatores motivacionais dos adolescentes marciais foram: Prevenção e saúde positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafio (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversão e bem-estar (M=8,6, DP=1,9). Os testes físicos apresentam excelentes resultados em agilidade e flexibilidade, a força explosiva está abaixo da média. Existem correlações positivas entre habilidades de agilidade (0,86 em homens e 0,80 em mulheres), força (0,90 em homens e 0,84 em mulheres) e seus correspondentes fatores motivacionais, e uma correlação negativa entre flexibilidade (-0,88 em homens e -0,90 em mulheres); mulheres) e suas respectivas motivações. Conclui-se que os resultados do questionário AMPEF e os níveis de agilidade, flexibilidade e força explosiva estão correlacionados positiva ou negativamente, com altos valores no coeficiente de Pearson, significa que os adolescentes marciais estão cientes de suas habilidades físicas e demonstraram motivação para melhorar suas habilidades.

Postactivation Potentiation for Muay Thai Kicking Performance.

ABSTRACT: Brown, L, Doyle, G, Bruce-Low, S, Domingos, S, Anthony, K, Rowan, F, and Galbraith, A. Postactivation potentiation for Muay Thai kicking performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2032-2037, 2023-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on Muay Thai kicking performance based on 3 different rest intervals. Aiming to quantify and indicate timing protocols for conditioning coaches when training athletes using PAP. 17 male (25.3 ± 3.6 years old; 179.3 ± 2.3 cm; 78.0 ± 5.2 kg), experienced Muay Thai fighters completed a standardized warm-up, including a 10-minute cycle on the Wattbike at 60 watts and 30 body mass squats for a dynamic stretch. Subjects then completed a baseline test by striking a PowerKube using the roundhouse and Teep kick techniques. PAP exercise consisted of 4 squat repetitions to maximum effort, followed by a rest period of 2, 5, or 8 minutes. Subjects then struck the PowerKube again using the roundhouse and Teep kick techniques. Rest periods were presented in a randomized order on separate days, with 72 hours between conditions. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Significant increases in both roundhouse (χ 2 (3) = 38.51, p < 0.05) and Teep kick (χ 2 (3) = 26.33, p < 0.05) striking power were observed when compared with baseline. For the roundhouse kick, significant differences and large effect sizes were present between all conditions except baseline and 2-minute rest. For the Teep kick, significant differences and large effect sizes were present between baseline and 5-minute rest and baseline and 8-minute rest. This indicates that PAP with 5- or 8-minute rest increased roundhouse and Teep kick power. This research reports that a PAP stimulus from a 4RM squat exercise, followed by a 5- or 8-minute rest period, enhances kick power in trained Muay Thai fighters. This technique provides a readily available, time-efficient method to enhance performance that can be built into the warm-up procedure of athletes before training or competition.

Influence of the Backward Fall Technique on the Transverse Linear Acceleration of the Head during the Fall.

BACKGROUND: The formation of large accelerations on the head and cervical spine during a backward fall is particularly dangerous due to the possibility of affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It may eventually lead to serious injuries and even death. This research aimed to determine the effect of the backward fall technique on the linear acceleration of the head in the transverse plane in students practicing various sports disciplines. METHODS: The study involved 41 students divided into two study groups. Group A consisted of 19 martial arts practitioners who, during the study, performed falls using the side aligning of the body technique. Group B consisted of 22 handball players who, during the study, performed falls using the technique performed in a way similar to a gymnastic backward roll. A rotating training simulator (RTS) was used to force falls, and a Wiva® Science apparatus was used to assess acceleration. RESULTS: The greatest differences in backward fall acceleration were found between the groups during the buttocks' contact with the ground. Larger changes in head acceleration were noted in group B. CONCLUSIONS: The lower changes in head acceleration obtained in physical education students falling with a lateral body position compared to students training handball indicate their lower susceptibility to head, cervical spine, and pelvis injuries when falling backwards as caused by horizontal force.

Effects of Different Rapid Weight Loss Strategies and Percentages on Performance-Related Parameters in Combat Sports: An Updated Systematic Review.

Most combat sports (CS) are structured in weight categories, and it is very common to carry out body weight adjustment strategies in order to compete in lower weight categories. For this reason, different rapid weight loss (RWL) strategies are usually performed to pass the pre-competition weigh-in test, and then a replenishment of fluids and carbohydrate-rich foods is conducted in an attempt to recover the weight and avoid a performance loss. In this context, no clear references have been found on whether these types of strategies have negative effects, impairing the athlete's combat and/or physical performance. For this reason, the aim of this study was to review the scientific literature on the effect of rapid weight reduction strategies on the performance of CS athletes. A literature search was performed through four different databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). Four inclusion criteria were established as follows: (1) the subjects had to be competitors in the CS and carry out RWL strategies; (2) at least two measurement points, that is, normal conditions and dehydration condition; (3) measurements in a real competition or simulating the same conditions; (4) original research articles written in English or Spanish and available in full text. Finally, a total of 16 articles were finally included in this research. All subjects (n = 184) were athletes from combat disciplines, with a minimum of 3-4 years of practice, as well as with certain experience in RWL. Six of the studies reported that an RWL strategy of around 5% of body weight loss did not affect performance parameters. However, the other ten studies with RWL between 3 and 6% or even higher reported negative effects or impairments on different parameters related to performance and/or athlete's psychophysiology, such as perceived fatigue, mood states, strength and power production, as well as changes in hormonal, blood and urine parameters, body composition, or the kinematics of the technical gesture. Although there is still no clear answer to the issue approached in this research, in general terms, it seems that in order to guarantee an acceptable athletic performance of the competitor, the weight loss should not exceed 3% to ≤5% of body weight together with ≥24 h for adequate (or at least partial) recovery and rehydration processes. In addition, it is highly recommended to lose weight progressively over several weeks, especially focusing on competitions lasting several days, as well as multiple rounds or qualifying stages.

The Effects of Various Work-to-Rest Ratios During High-Intensity Intermittent Exercises on Uchi-Komi Performance and Postexercise Heart Rate and Blood Lactate in Judo Athletes.

ABSTRACT: Ceylan, B and Balci, SS. The effects of various work-to-rest ratios during high-intensity intermittent exercises on uchi-komi performance and postexercise heart rate and blood lactate in judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1231-1236, 2023- Uchi-komi exercises are the most important component of judo training. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rest intervals during high-intensity intermittent uchi-komi exercises on total technique repetitions and physiological load in judo athletes. Twenty-two male judo athletes (mean age 19.0 ± 1.2 years, judo experience 7.6 ± 22.7 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Athletes' body composition and judo-specific performance were determined. The athletes randomly performed 20 seconds × 8 sets of high-intensity intermittent exercise using ippon-seoi-nage technique with 1:1/2, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 work-to-rest ratios on separate days. Before and 1, 7, 15, and 30 minutes after each exercise, athletes' heart rate (HR) and blood lactate were determined. The number of repetitions differed according to rest durations, when the rest duration decreased, the number of the repetitions decreased ( F21, 441 = 7.09, p < 0.001). Blood lactate responses were similar during the exercises with different rest intervals ( F3,63 = 2.15, p = 0.10). The shorter the rest duration, the higher the HR ( F3,63 = 6.81, p < 0.001). The current study proposed that 1:2 and 1:3 work-to-rest ratios at high-intensity intermittent uchi-komi exercise are the most appropriate intervals to ensure a high number of technique repetitions and the continuity of the training.

Effects of lower and upper body fatigue in striking response time of amateur karate athletes.

In combat sports, strikes or counter-strikes response time (RT) can be related to performance and sporting success. Moreover, training sessions are usually highly fatiguing, which is expected to impair basic skills, such as RT. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on punch and kick RTs of karate practitioners. Twelve individuals of both sexes from different levels (three yellow belts, three red belts, two orange belts, two green belts, one brown belt, and one black belt) were selected. Participants were aged 22 ± 3 years old, with a stature of 169.1 ± 6.5 cm, and a body mass of 65.5 ± 10 kg. Six visits were held with each participant. On the first 2 days, the RT of punches and kicks was measured by a validated smartphone app (TReaction). For the subsequent visits, a randomized incremental test for the upper or lower body was adopted as motor fatigue protocol, immediately followed by punches and kicks RT tests, also in random order. For induction of lower and upper body-specific muscle fatigue, the ITStriker app was used, which operates by emitting sound signals transmitted by a smartphone. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Regarding the mean punches RT, significant effects between situations for the upper (F(2,22) = 11.5; ω2 = 0.23; p < 0.001) and lower body (F(2,22) = 14.2; ω2 = 0.18; p < 0.001) fatigue protocols were found. The negative effect of the lower body fatigue protocol in punches RT was evident regardless of the order of the tests (punch RT first: Δ = 10.5%; t = 4.4; p < 0.001; d = 1.0; kick RT first: Δ = 11.4%; t = 4.8; p < 0.001; d = 1.1). Regarding mean kicks RT, significant effects were found between situations for the lower (F(2,22) = 16.6; ω2 = 0.27; p < 0.001) but not for the upper (F(2,22) = 2.3; ω2 = 0.02; p = 0.12) body fatigue protocols. Kick RTs were negatively affected by the lower body fatigue protocol regardless of the RT order applied (punch RT first: Δ = 7.5%; t = 3.0; p = 0.01; d = 0.8; kick RT first: Δ = 14.3%; t = 5.7; p < 0.001; d = 1.5). Upper body fatigue does not impair punch or kick RTs. Thus, it is concluded that the specificity of fatigue protocols and striking order should be considered while performing RT demanding techniques in karate practice. Specifically, lower body motor fatigue may impair both kicks and punches RT, which highlights the role of lower limbs in punches performance. Otherwise, upper body motor fatigue seems to induce impairments that are limited to the specific motor actions of this body segment.

Effects of Strength Training on Physical Fitness of Olympic Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review.

This review aimed to identify the effects of strength training programs on the physical fitness of Olympic combat sports (OCS) athletes. The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated interventions that included pre- and post-intervention physical fitness assessment. The search was performed in the SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science databases between April and September 2022. PRISMA and the TESTEX checklist were used to select and assess the methodological quality of the studies. Twenty studies with 504 participants (428 males and 76 females) were included. Significant improvements were found in athletes' maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, flexibility, and balance. In addition, improvements in favor of the training groups in specific actions of judo, karate, fencing, and boxing were observed. In conclusion, interventions aimed at the development of muscle strength in OCS, specifically in judo, boxing, karate, wrestling, and fencing, proved to be beneficial at a physical fitness level, resulting in significant increases in favor of the training groups with OCS, which could be used by trainers and coaches to improve the physical performance of athletes.

From Ancient Patterns of Hand-to-Hand Combat to a Unique Therapy of the Future.

The purpose of this publication is to provide generalized knowledge of the area of changes that took place over past centuries in relation to health, social and cultural conditions. In Greek mythology, it was necessary to nurture both body and spirit to be a perfect human being. This link between the concepts of physical beauty and goodness can be also found in later works dedicated to ancient Greek history. Particularly in Greek myths, and in Greek education in general, it was believed that both physical and spiritual excellence were necessary to raise men to achieve their true form. Some of the main forms of implementing this idea were hand-to-hand combat exercises (wrestling, boxing and pankration). Ideas characteristic of the world of ancient Greece, in a general sense, can be observed in the culture of the Far East. The main difference is the fact that these principles did not survive in Western culture as a result of transformation into a consumer society focused on the rejection of moral principles. The brutalisation of the forms of the Roman Games meant that the ideals of the ancient world were forgotten for more than 1500 years. The modern Olympic Games were resurrected in the 19th century. Inspired by the ancient Greek cult of health of body and spirit, they gave rise to a movement known as Olympism. In the Olympic Charter written by Coubertin, Olympism was called "a philosophy of life exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind". The combat sports disciplines have had their place there since the beginning of the modern Olympic Games. The evolution of hand-to-hand combat disciplines, including numerous scientific studies indicating a very broad impact in the area of health, led to this type of physical activity being reached for as an essential element in supporting the health-promoting behaviour of society. Nowadays, physical activity in the area of exercise with elements of hand-to-hand combat, combat sports, or martial arts is an indissoluble link in the prevention and treatment of 21st century diseases. For Parkinson's disease patients, drug treatment is an essential resource for continuing to function in society, but it will not be completely effective without supporting the treatment with appropriate and attractive physical activity (e.g., "Rock Steady Boxing"). Of similar importance is the prevention of dangerous falls, which are common in this population as well as among the elderly or those affected by other diseases of civilisation. Implementing the principles and techniques of safe falling in the teaching of the young population significantly increases the likelihood of applying appropriate responses to these individuals in adulthood and old age. Actions that should be taken now for prevention can be implemented through social programmes, such as "Active today for a healthy future".

Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes.

PURPOSE: To examine the acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises order on immunological stress responses, muscular-fitness, and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male judo athletes. METHODS: Twenty male participants randomly performed two concurrent training (CT) sessions; power-endurance and endurance-power. Measures of immune response (e.g., white blood cells), muscular-fitness (i.e., counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), RPE, blood-lactate, and -glucose were taken at different time-point (i.e., pre, mid, post, and post6h). RESULTS: There were significant time*order interactions for white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. Power-endurance resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in white blood cells and lymphocytes while endurance-power resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger pre-to-post6h white blood cells and granulocytes increases were observed following power-endurance compared to endurance-power. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood-glucose and -lactate. Following endurance-power, blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-mid but not from pre-to-post. Meanwhile, in power-endurance blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-post but not from pre-to-mid. A significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force with larger pre-to-post decreases in endurance-power compared to power-endurance. Further, CMJ-power showed larger pre-to-mid performance decreases following power-endurance, compared to endurance-power. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger pre-to-mid values following endurance-power and larger pre-to-post values following power-endurance. CONCLUSION: CT induced acute and delayed order-dependent immune cell count alterations in highly trained youth male judo athletes. In general, power-endurance induced higher acute and delayed immunological stress responses compared to endurance-power. CMJ-force and RPE fluctuated during both CT sessions but went back to baseline 6 h post-exercise.

Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Acute Recovery in Elite Judo Athletes: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Crossover Trial.

PURPOSE: The ischemic preconditioning (IPC) method has been shown to aid the recovery processes; however, no studies have been done to assess its acute recovery use in judo. This study aimed to examine IPC of lower limbs effects on recovery after a judo-specific performance in highly trained male judokas and its applicability during a competition day. METHODS: A single-blind, placebo-randomized crossover study was carried out on a sample of 13 elite male judo athletes. They undertook measurements of body composition, judo-specific task (Special Judo Fitness Test), jump performance, handgrip strength, lactate, blood pressure, perceived exertion, and delayed-onset muscle soreness. IPC was applied on the legs and inflated 50 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure for 5 minutes and repeated 3 times for each leg, with 5 minutes of reperfusion. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to determine changes between interventions and measurement times. Paired-sample t test and 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the difference among measurement times. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: The IPC intervention resulted in (1) decreased heart rate at 30 and 60 minutes during recovery (P = .002; P = .001), (2) better countermovement jump performance at 60 minutes (P = .05), (3) lower perceived-muscle-soreness scores (P = .006), and (4) maintained handgrip strength compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that IPC applied to judo athletes following judo-specific exercise resulted in better cardiovascular and neuromuscular recovery and could be a useful tool to enhance recovery during judo competition breaks between preliminaries and final block.

Atletas de Taekwondo apresentam desequilíbrio muscular entre os músculos flexores e extensores do joelho: achados preliminares / Taekwondo athletes have muscle imbalance between knee flexors and extensions: preliminary findings / Los atletas de Taekwondo presentan un desequilibrio muscular entre los flexores y los extensores de la rodilla: hallazgos preliminares

Durante a prática de taekwondo com movimentos repetitivos, sistematizados e com certa sobrecarga de treino, o indivíduo pode gerar possíveis adaptações orgânicas que resultam em problemas posturais com grandes chances de desencadear desequilíbrio muscular. Objetivo: Verificar a presença de desequilíbrio entre os grupos musculares agonistas e antagonistas da articulação do joelho e entre membros dominantes e não dominantes de praticantes de taekwondo por meio da dinamometria isocinética. Método: Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo realizado com nove praticantes de taekwondo do sexo masculino. Utilizou-se um dinamômetro isocinético para investigar o pico de torque, pico de torque por peso corporal, trabalho total, potência média, relação agonista/antagonista e índice de fadiga. Os dados dos membros dominante e não dominante foram comparados por meio do teste t-student para amostras pareadas. Foram calculados o intervalo de confiança de 95% da diferença média, o tamanho de efeito e o poder das análises. Resultados: Os músculos extensores dos membros dominante e não dominante apresentaram diferença média significante de 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) para pico de torque e de 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) para pico de torque por peso corporal a 60°/s, representando tamanho de efeito médio. Conclusão: Os atletas de taekwondo apresentaram maior pico de torque e maior pico de torque por peso corporal dos músculos extensores do joelho a 60º/s no lado dominante. A relação agonista/ antagonista foi inferior a 60% e mais da metade dos atletas apresentaram uma diferença maior que 10% no pico de torque flexor no lado não dominante.

During taekwondo practice with the repetitive motions, systematized and with certain training overload, the person can generate possible organic adaptations that result in postural problems with a great chances of triggering muscle imbalance. Objective: To verify the presence of imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups of knee joint and between dominant and non-dominant limbs through isokinetic dynamometry. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study realized with nine male taekwondo practitioners. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to investigate the peak torque, peak torque by body weight, total work, average power, agonist/antagonist ratio and fatigue index. Data from the dominant and non-dominant limbs were compared by t-student test for pared samples. The 95% confidence interval of the mean difference, the effect size and the power of analyses power were calculated. Results: The extensor muscles of the dominant and non-dominant limbs showed mean difference of 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) for peak torque and of 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) for peak torque by body weight at 60°/s, representing average effect size. Conclusion: The taekwondo athletes had higher peak torque and higher peak torque by body weight of the knee extensors muscles in the dominant side. The agonist/ antagonist ratio was less than 60% and more than half of the athletes showed a difference greater than 10% in the peak flexor torque on the non-dominant side.

Durante la práctica de taekwondo con los movimientos repetitivos, sistematizados y con cierta sobrecarga de entrenamiento, la persona puede generar posibles adaptaciones orgánicas que deriven en problemas posturales con grandes posibilidades de desencadenar desequilibrios musculares. Objetivo: Verificar la presencia de desequilibrio entre grupos musculares agonistas y antagonistas de la articulación de la rodilla y entre miembros dominantes y no dominantes mediante dinamometría isocinética. Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo realizado con nueve practicantes masculinos de taekwondo. Se utilizó un dinamómetro isocinético para investigar el par máximo, el par máximo por peso corporal, el trabajo total, la potencia media, la relación agonista/antagonista y el índice de fatiga. Los datos de las extremidades dominantes y no dominantes se compararon mediante la prueba t- student para muestras de pared. Se calcularon el intervalo de confianza del 95% de la diferencia media, el tamaño del efecto y la potencia de los análisis. Resultados: Los músculos extensores de los miembros dominantes y no dominantes mostraron una diferencia media de 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) para el par máximo y de 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) para el par máximo por peso corporal a 60°/s, lo que representa el tamaño medio del efecto. Conclusiones: Los atletas de taekwondo presentaron un mayor par máximo y un mayor par máximo por peso corporal de los músculos extensores de la rodilla en el lado dominante. La relación agonista/antagonista fue inferior al 60% y más de la mitad de los atletas mostraron una diferencia superior al 10% en el pico de par flexor en el lado no dominante.

Factors affecting the shoulder functional profile in elite judo athletes.

The aim was to investigate the effects of sex, age, preferred judo technique, dominance, and injury history on the shoulder functional status of elite judo athletes. Sixty-one elite judo athletes (38 males, age: 18.1 ± 1.2 years, body mass: 69.3 ± 13.3 kg, body height: 172.2 ± 9.8 cm, brown belt to second-degree black belt) completed three questionnaires: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff, and Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury. They performed four physical tests: the glenohumeral rotator isometric strength test, upper quarter Y-balance test, unilateral seated shot put test, and modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. The results showed that the female athletes had less shoulder functional abilities than the male athletes (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02). The younger athletes had poorer shoulder stability and upper extremity power than the older athletes (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02), but their glenohumeral muscles were stronger in both internal (p = 0.03) and external (p = 0.005) rotations. All the judo athletes had similar bilateral differences in shoulder functional status, except for judokas who preferred throwing techniques (p = 0.01). Injury history affected self-perceived functional status (p < 0.001), as well as upper extremity muscle capacity and neuromuscular control (p = 0.01 to p = 0.05). This study provides new insight into the shoulder functional status of elite judo athletes, which may aid in the development of sports-specific injury prevention and return-to-sport programmes to reduce the risk of shoulder injury occurrence and recurrence.HighlightsNormalized levels of upper extremity abilities must be sex- and age-specific in prevention programmes.Prevention programmes may focus on muscle bilateral and anteroposterior symmetry.Prevention programmes may include psychological training tailored to the sex of judo athletes.